1. What is Veterinary antibiotic? Antibiotics include fermented antibiotics and synthetic antibiotics, collectively known as antibiotics, which kill bacteria or prevent bacterial growth and can be used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics used in animals are "veterinary antibiotics". Commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin, as well as synthetic antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides. 2. Why use antibiotics in animal breeding? The ultimate goal of using antibiotics in farmed animals is to protect human health. When the resistance of farmed animals declines, pathogenic microorganisms can make them sick. If left untreated, the disease is easily spread in farmed animals, seriously affecting animal health, resulting in reduced product quality and reduced yield. The timely and reasonable use of antibiotics not only protects consumers' health, but also guarantees product quality and avoids economic losses. Antibiotics play an important role in the prevention and control of livestock diseases. It is one of the cornerstones of the large-scale and intensive development of the global livestock and poultry industry. 3. Why do I sometimes need to use multiple antibiotics at the same time? Sometimes animals are infected with a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, an antibiotic does not work, and multiple drugs have to be used. Sometimes two antibiotics can "help each other", with a smaller amount to achieve better antibacterial effect, while reducing or avoiding side effects, the most typical example is the combination of penicillin and streptomycin. A combination of multiple antibiotics can reduce the "fish that leaks through the net" and avoid or delay the development of bacterial resistance. Of course, in most cases, only one type of antibiotic is needed. The combination is only suitable for a few cases, and it is generally two-way. Triple or quadruple is not necessary. 4. What is the residue of veterinary drugs, what is the process of residue and elimination in animals? After the use of veterinary drugs in animals, the drugs or their metabolites may accumulate or remain in the meat and internal organs or enter the livestock and poultry products such as milk and eggs. These veterinary drugs entering the food are Veterinary Drug residues. Veterinary drugs undergo absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in animals. "Absorption" and "distribution" are processes in which a drug enters an animal's body and remains. "Metabolism" and "excretion" are processes in which a drug is cleared from an animal. In the case of standardized use, most drugs are metabolized and excreted, and the level of residue in animals is very low. 5. What is the drug holiday? "WithdrawalTime" (WDT) refers to the interval between the time the animal stops taking the drug and the time it is allowed to go on sale. During this time, the drug residues in the animal are gradually metabolized and excreted, and the residual level falls below the limit value, and the safety of animal food such as meat, eggs and milk is guaranteed. The laws of metabolism of different drugs in animals are different, so the drug withdrawal periods of different drugs may also be different. 6. Does antibiotic residue harm human health? Any substance needs to reach a certain amount to cause health hazards. Often, the amount of drug residues in food is low and generally not sufficient to cause a health hazard. If the veterinary antibiotic residue reaches a high level and long-term intake, it may bring about allergic reactions, chronic toxicity, and damage to the gastrointestinal flora balance. 7. What is the maximum residue limit? Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs): The highest concentration of drug residues specified in animal foods. It is based on a rigorous and complex scientific assessment procedure. Due to the large safety factor left in the assessment, according to the normal diet structure, as long as the residue does not exceed the standard, life-long consumption will not cause harm to human health. 8. What is the and international veterinary drug residue limit standards? China's veterinary drug residue limit standards are divided into four categories: (1) There is no need to develop 88 kinds of veterinary drugs with the maximum residue limit; (2) 94 species of veterinary drugs requiring maximum residue limits; (3) 9 kinds of veterinary drugs used for food animals, but no veterinary drug residues may be detected. (4) 31 kinds of veterinary drugs that are prohibited by the Ministry of Agriculture. At present, the International Codex Alimentarius (CAC) has established 67 veterinary drug residue limits and proposed risk management recommendations for 12 veterinary drugs. In accordance with the actual situation of the country, countries have formulated their own national standards. For example, the United States has established a residue limit of 95 veterinary drugs, and the EU has 139 species. 98% of comparable standards in China's veterinary drug residue limit standards have met or exceeded international standards. 9. Why is the use of veterinary drugs in China a large amount? The total amount of veterinary drugs used depends to a large extent on the scale of farming. China's livestock and poultry farming is huge, and the number of pigs and poultry is the highest in the world. Therefore, the total amount of veterinary drugs used in China is necessarily higher than in many countries. The United States has the second largest animal breeding industry in the world, and its veterinary drug use is also much higher than other countries. Of course, there are some individual cases in which veterinary drugs are used unreasonably or abused in China's aquaculture industry, and further supervision and guidance are needed. 10. What is the status of veterinary drug residues in ? In recent years, with the continuous deepening of the quality and safety supervision of agricultural products, the penalties have increased, and the abuse of veterinary drugs has been contained. The overall situation of veterinary drug residues is better. For example, monitoring data shows that the qualified rate of veterinary drug residues in livestock and poultry products in 2015 was 99.9%. 11. What is drug resistance? With the use of drugs, some bacteria gradually adapt to and develop the ability to resist the action of drugs, which is drug resistance or drug resistance. Not only bacteria can develop drug resistance, but also viruses, parasites, and tumor cells. 12. Why do bacteria have drug resistance? Some bacteria are naturally "good" and are not sensitive to certain antibiotics. Some bacteria escaped under the influence of antibiotics, and then their own genetic changes (gene mutations) produced resistance. 13. What are the hazards of drug-resistant bacteria? When bacteria acquire resistance, their pathogenicity does not increase and new types of infection are not produced. The main hazard of drug-resistant bacteria is the difficulty of treatment. If bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics and even resistant to most antibiotics, it can lead to ineffective treatment of common antibiotics, resulting in increased mortality, significantly prolonged disease duration and treatment time, and significantly increased medical costs. 14. Is there any way to deal with resistant bacteria? (1) Rational and prudent use of antibiotics to avoid bacterial resistance, which is currently the most effective and easy to implement method. (2) Look for antibiotic alternatives or alternative therapies. (3) Combined with drug resistance monitoring, the use of rotation and shuttle medication can reduce bacterial resistance and even restore bacterial sensitivity. (4) Develop new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacteria. 15. the drug-resistant bacteria in animals have any harm to people? Although the law of the generation and spread of bacterial resistance remains to be studied, the current international mainstream view is: (1) The generation and spread of animal-derived resistant bacteria will increase food safety and Public Health risks, but it has not yet pose a direct threat to human health and life. (2) Drug-resistant bacteria and even "super bacteria" that threaten human health mainly come from human antibiotic abuse and cross-infection in hospitals. 16. Which countries use antibiotics for growth promotion? Antibiotics have a certain role in promoting the growth of farmed animals and have been widely used worldwide. Due to antibiotic resistance and environmental considerations, some countries and regions have gradually stopped such applications, but this has led to problems such as increased feed consumption, reduced yield, increased animal mortality, and increased antibiotics for treatment. Currently, China, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Russia and other large livestock countries are allowed to use antibiotics that promote growth. 17. What are the government regulatory measures for the use of veterinary drugs? The Ministry of Agriculture has published a list of banned veterinary drugs and other compounds, a list of drug feed additives that are allowed to be added in feed, "Administrative Measures for Veterinary Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medicines", "Catalogues for Veterinary Prescriptions", "Regulations for the Administration of Veterinary Drugs", "Animality" Maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in food, as well as a number of standards for the detection of veterinary drug residues. The Ministry of Agriculture regulates veterinary drug residues in animal foods by developing and implementing a national veterinary drug residue monitoring program. Conducted an important antibiotic drug risk assessment. In 2015, it decided to stop four kinds of fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs such as lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin for food animals. In 2016, it was decided to ban colistin sulfate. Premixes are used for animal growth. 18. Why can antibiotics be detected in the environment? Antibiotics are widely used in human health, animal disease control and prevention, as well as in plantation and industrial applications. It is inevitable that these drugs enter the environment with production and life. As detection methods become more advanced, it is not surprising that antibiotics are detected in the natural environment. In addition, many microorganisms in the natural environment also produce antibiotics, such as penicillin, which is found in the metabolites of Penicillium. 19. Which environments can detect antibiotics? According to data from China, the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Japan and other countries, antibiotics can be detected in soil, sludge, wastewater, surface water, groundwater and drinking water. This situation is common in all countries. exist. However, the concentration in the environment is generally low, and the concentration in the water is generally around one part per billion. 20. Can the antibiotic component in the environment be naturally degraded? The World Health Organization's technical report states that the concentration of most drugs in the water environment can be naturally degraded, such as adsorption to sediments, solar degradation and biodegradation. The treatment of drinking water and wastewater also reduces the concentration of antibiotics. In addition, under suitable composting conditions, the livestock manure composting process can also effectively reduce the concentration of antibiotics in the feces, and minimize the impact on the environment.
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Scientific understanding of veterinary antibiotics