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At present, in the winter wheat growing areas such as Hebei and Anhui, the deep-soil deep-plowing and post-sowing repression technology is being promoted. The Hebei provincial government decided to use the three-year period to cultivate the cultivated land of the whole province. Machinery for joint operations such as deep pine tillage, sowing, covering soil, and suppression were completed in various places. Deep pine tillage technology is positioned in the category of “less tillage†and “protective tillageâ€. It is a method to reduce the number of tillages or reduce the area of ​​cultivation within the production cycle, such as the implementation of annual round tillage. The current types of less tillage in northern China include: direct tillage after ploughing, exemption from cultivating; use deep pine instead of tillage; use rotary tillage instead of tillage; interval belt tillage and successive years of shovel, rotary tillage, ridge cropping, etc. It has also appeared in China's loose soil farming methods, such as using a chisel-shaped plow or other ripper to cut the loose soil and then sowing; strip-type farming: limiting the ploughing to the line, not cultivating the land, leaving the residue in the line Wait. The characteristics of this deep pine tillage technique are that after the operation, the soil in the plough layer is not disordered, and the amount of soil is small, which can effectively improve the permeability of the soil, improve the water storage capacity of the soil, and facilitate the deep rooting of the crop. In recent years, due to long-term implementation of slashing and ploughing in many areas, the plough layer is shallow, and a hard plough bottom layer is formed at about 20 cm. The presence of the plough bottom layer allows crops such as wheat and summer corn to grow only in shallow spaces. Root development is limited, which is unfavorable for the absorption of water and nutrients. The decline of soil quality in cultivated land has become a major obstacle to the sustainable high yield of many wheat areas. The deep loosening of the soil can not only break the bottom of the plow, but also improve the physical properties of the soil in the plough layer, improve soil permeability and water storage capacity, and is conducive to high yield and water saving of wheat production.
However, the existing deep pine tillage techniques do not emphasize the cooperation of deep fertilization techniques. In fact, the existing deep pine tillage machinery is still unable to perfectly realize the practical problems of a large number of bottom fertilizers. However, it is well known that there are three main ways to fertilize farmland. First, increase the application of organic fertilizer and rational application of chemical fertilizers to improve the fertilization performance of farmland. Second, rational tillage, including deep tillage to improve soil compaction, improve soil water storage and ventilation. Performance, promote microbial activity and accelerate the mineralization and decomposition of soil organic matter. Improve the effective supply of nutrients. Third, rational irrigation and drainage, eliminating pollution.
However, the current deep pine tillage machinery, including rotary tillers and chisel shovel, is difficult to satisfactorily complete the deep application requirements of the combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Reasons: First, the mechanical design is not enough, and the two models are non-flip ploughs. It is difficult to turn a large amount of organic fertilizer or chopped straw under the soil. The blending in the plough layer causes the post-sowing wheat to be in the plough layer mixed with a large amount of organic fertilizer or stalk. These coarse materials consume a large amount of water, nitrogen formation and the wheat seedlings compete for water and cause many soil layers. The empty hole runs, not only the seedling conditions are poor after sowing, but it can not reach the seedlings and the seedlings, and it may also cause the weakness and death of the wheat seedlings during the spring drought in the coming year. In view of the current problem of shallow soil in the straw returning field and poor quality of the land preparation, the farmers' response is to increase the amount of sowing. In some areas, the amount of wheat has been increased to 60 kg per mu.
Therefore, from the point of fertilization, the current deep pine tillage is still not ideal, and it is still not perfect. There are three suggestions for this.
One is the combination of deep pine tillage and deep fertilization.
Second, the positioning of fertilization when planting wheat with the existing deep pine tillage is not a full-layer base fertilizer, but between the seed fertilizer and the base fertilizer. First of all, we must pay attention to the appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers, especially the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can not be applied at one time, it is recommended that the maximum application of fertilizer nitrogen is half, or one third of the total nitrogen. If the nitrogen fertilizer is applied more, it is concentrated in the deep root layer, which is not only easy to burn, but also may cause waste. Do not position the amount and effect of this fertilization on the requirements of the full root layer of base fertilizer. Phosphate is the main factor in the proportion of nutrients. Fertilizer varieties may be diammonium phosphate or superphosphate plus urea, or superphosphate plus ammonium sulfate, ammonium hydrogencarbonate or ammonium chloride. Special reminder is that half or more of the nitrogen fertilizer should be used in the next year to re-apply during the jointing stage. If ternary compound fertilizer is used, it is best not to choose high-nitrogen compound fertilizer. They are easy to cause unbalanced nitrogen-phosphorus ratio, which is not in line with the demand for wheat growth before winter, which causes the seedlings to be weak before winter, which is not conducive to wintering and returning to the next year. .
The third is to call on the Ministry of Agriculture and governments at all levels to strengthen the innovation and subsidies for the promotion of grassroots agricultural technology and the management of agricultural machinery subsidies.
(Senior Consultant of Sinofert, Professor of China Agricultural University, Cao Yiping)
Deep pine tillage combined with deep fertilization is more powerful
Deep pine tillage refers to a deep tillage method that uses loose soil hoes such as deep shovel or chisel plough to loosen the soil without turning over the soil layer. It is suitable for forming the plough bottom layer after long-term ploughing, and having a clay hard disk and a white pulp layer. A soil with a thick layer of soil and a thin layer of soil that should not be deep. Deep fertilization refers to the application of the formula fertilizer into the soil at a time according to the agronomic requirements to provide nutrients for different periods of the crop and to meet the nutritional needs of the growth and development stage. Relevant experts believe that the existing deep pine ploughing machinery can not perfectly realize the practical problems of a large number of bottom fertilizers. To this end, deep pine tillage should be combined with deep fertilization.
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